# Code Generation 1

## Organization of Storage

* Code Area
* Static Area
* Stack Area
* Heap Area

### Stack Management using Register File

* Stack pointer (SP): points to the top of the frame
* Frame Pointer (FP, BP): points to the frame base

because stack frame size is not always known at compile time.


### Saving Registers

The callee may overwrite useful values in the registers.

So caller's useful values should be stored in stack when function-call (`push`), and restored when callee return (`pop`). This role is done by both callee and caller (`caller-saved`, `callee-saved`).

* Caller-saved registers
used to hold **temporary quantities** that need not be preserved across calls.
* Callee-saved registers
used to hold **long-lived values** that should be preserved across calls.


So Code before call:
* push the params.
* push caller-saved registers
* push return address (curr `PC`) and jump to callee code

Prologue of callee
* push dynamic link (`FP`)
* old stack pointer becomes new frame pointer
* push callee-saved registers
* push local var

Epilogue
* pop callee-saved registers
* store return value at appropriate place
* restore old stack pointer
* pop old frame pointer
* pop return addr and jump to that

Code after call
* pop caller-saved registers
* use return value from appropriate place

When accessing stack variable, use offsets from `FP`.

## Global Variables or Static Variables

Global variables have same references for all scope. They are assigned a **fixed address once** (**statically allocated**).

`Code > Static Data > Stack`


## Dynamic Allocation

The dynamically allocated value outlives the procedure creating it (unless deleted).

`Code > Static Data > Stack -> <- Heap`